hotrod150 wrote:Might be a lot more bang for the buck to just add VG's & leave the round wingtips alone.
IMHO the wingtips are one of the places where a lot of improvement can be made without an awfully huge amount of work.
To make
some improvement, you only have to change the back half. You can leave the large radius in the front "tip bow", that's actually helping. Making the trailing edge of the wing straight all the way to the very tip (instead of curving forward) is the trick. You could basically build the new improved section on top of the old curved bow, not even removing it. Just add the little bit of structure to the rear spar and trailing edge pieces and cover over it. This is the "quick and dirty" way of course. I would bet that you would see some small measurable improvement in low speed handling or performance.
To make a
little more improvement, you could remove the existing wingtip bow and make a new trapezoidal "raked" wingtip with a few degrees of dihedral angle added. Make a new airfoiled wing rib about half as large (both chord and thickness) as the last original Piper rib. The trailing edge of this new rib should be at the same spanwise location as the end of the old tip bow (no dimensional increase in span, because that opens up a can of worms in Oklahoma City). The key is that the trailing edge of this new half-size tip rib is about 6 or 8 inches AFT of the trailing edge of the rest of the wing. If the stock Pacer wing has a smaller mini rib halfway out on the tip, then re-use this rib and place it where its trailing edge is in a straight line between the Piper end rib and the new tip rib.
Two or three simple bent aluminum supports (spar extensions technically) must be added on to the existing Piper spar so the loads are carried from this tip back into the Piper front/rear spar system. It would basically be a couple of .032" aluminum pieces with bent flanges, nothing mysterious at all. Plus a MUCH simpler swept back leading edge skin, which is now no longer a compound curve.
The end of the new wingtip should also be about 4 inches higher (tip dihedral angle). At the very least it should be straight with the top surface of the wing, with all the "taper" rising up on the bottom. Ideally it should be a bit more than that, with the new tip rib a few inches up higher. The added dihedral does something... it converts the pressure differential and the energy in the outward spanwise flow on the bottom of the wing into something useful. What it does is use that energy and momentum to "throw" the wingtip vortex a few inches outward away from the wing, instead of the vortex being right on top of the wingtip. This increases the
effective wingspan of the wing, without increasing the physical span of the wing (One simple definition of the effective wingspan of an aircraft is the distance between the centers of the two wingtip vortices).
This "raked tip" planform (the top view) also measurably changes the pressure field distribution of the wing in the positive direction. Meaning it opposes the energy of the wingtip vortex. Meaning the wingtip makes more lift and waits longer to stall. Meaning it makes it ideal for better efficiency in climb, AND a STOL aircraft "hang in there" better down at the stall range. The Dornier light commuter and light seaplane aircraft are using this design with great results. Have a look at the wingtip shape of any modern efficient airliner to see what they think of this concept.
The aeronautical basis for this was quantified and explained something like 25 or 30 years ago by Wil Scherumann in an article in Soaring Magazine. Scheumann's new wingtip research was immediately put into production by the leading glider manufacturer Schempp-Hirth in the Discus sailplane, which proceeded to absolutely dominate its racing class for 20 years. Every new racing sailplane uses some form of the swept back "raked" wingtip.
But for the rest of ye olde unwashed masses who are not sailplane pilots or not interested in aerodynamics... just look at the wingtip of any high performance
bird out there circling around in the mountains. Hawks, Eagles, etc. etc. Nature figured out the best low speed high lift wingtip shape a long long time ago
